1. Throughout the neonatal period (from birth to 28 days old), feed infants warm boiled water frequently to clean the oral cavity. Whether breastfed or formula-fed, develop the habit of offering water after every feeding. This practice is especially important when the baby has a fever or cold.

2. For formula-fed infants who suck slowly or pause repeatedly mid-feeding, caregivers must not push the rubber nipple against the baby’s oral mucosa to urge sucking. Frequent such actions may injure the delicate oral lining.

3. Strictly sanitize nipples and feeding utensils.

For breastfed babies: Mothers must keep nipples clean. Wash hands and nipples with soap before each feeding, and disinfect the towel used for wiping nipples with hot water in advance.

For formula-fed babies: Thoroughly rinse bottles and nipples with clean water before each use.

4. Prepare infant formula at an appropriate temperature. Test the temperature on the inner forearm before feeding. Overheated milk can easily scald the baby’s oral mucosa.

5. Do not use gauze to wipe the infant’s oral cavity.